Transmission and Incubation
The influenza virus spreads primarily through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. It can also be transmitted by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus and then touching the face, particularly the mouth, nose, or eyes. The incubation period for the flu typically ranges from one to four days, with individuals becoming contagious about a day before symptoms appear and remaining infectious for up to seven days or longer in some cases.
Symptoms and Clinical Manifestations
Seasonal influenza often begins abruptly, with symptoms that may include:
Fever or chills
Cough
Sore throat
Runny or stuffy nose
Muscle or body aches
Headache
Fatigue
In some cases, vomiting and diarrhea, which are more common in children
Complications of the flu can range from mild sinus and ear infections to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, myocarditis (inflammation of the heart), and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain). Individuals with preexisting conditions like asthma or diabetes may experience worsening of their underlying health problems.